Welcome to TheOhioOutdoors
Wanting to join the rest of our members? Login or sign up today!
Login / Join

FYI

Geezer II

Bountiful Hunting Grounds Beyond.
5,972
101
portage county oh

Cutter Laboratories​



Cutter Laboratories was a family-owned pharmaceutical company located in Berkeley, California, founded by Edward Ahern Cutter in 1897. Cutter's early products included anthrax vaccine, hog cholera (swine fever) virus, and anti-hog cholera serum—and eventually a hog cholera vaccine. The hog cholera vaccine was the first tissue culture vaccine, human or veterinary, ever produced. The company expanded considerably during World War II as a consequence of government contracts for blood plasma and penicillin. After Edward Cutter's death, his three sons—Dr. Robert K. Cutter (president), Edward "Ted" A. Cutter Jr. (vice-president), and Frederick A. Cutter—ran the company. In the next generation Robert's son David followed his father as president of the company. The Bayer pharmaceutical company bought Cutter Laboratories in 1974.[1]

Contents​



Cutter incidentEdit

On April 12, 1955, following the announcement of the success of the polio vaccine trial, Cutter Laboratories became one of several companies that was recommended to be given a license by the United States government to produce Salk's polio vaccine. In anticipation of the demand for vaccine, the companies had already produced stocks of the vaccine and these were issued once the licenses were signed.
In what became known as the Cutter incident, some lots of the Cutter vaccine—despite passing required safety tests—contained live polio virus in what was supposed to be an inactivated-virus vaccine. Cutter withdrew its vaccine from the market on April 27 after vaccine-associated cases were reported.
The mistake produced 120,000 doses of polio vaccine that contained live polio virus. Of children who received the vaccine, 40,000 developed abortive poliomyelitis (a form of the disease that does not involve the central nervous system), 56 developed paralytic poliomyelitis—and of these, five children died from polio.[2] The exposures led to an epidemic of polio in the families and communities of the affected children, resulting in a further 113 people paralyzed and 5 deaths.[3] The director of the microbiology institute lost his job, as did the equivalent of the assistant secretary for health. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Oveta Culp Hobby stepped down. Dr William H. Sebrell Jr, the director of the NIH, resigned.[4]
Surgeon General Scheele sent Drs. William Tripp and Karl Habel from the NIH to inspect Cutter's Berkeley facilities, question workers, and examine records. After a thorough investigation, they found nothing wrong with Cutter's production methods.[5] A congressional hearing in June 1955 concluded that the problem was primarily the lack of scrutiny from the NIH Laboratory of Biologics Control (and its excessive trust in the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis reports).[4]
A number of civil lawsuits were filed against Cutter Laboratories in subsequent years, the first of which was Gottsdanker v. Cutter Laboratories.[6] The jury found Cutter not negligent, but liable for breach of implied warranty, and awarded the plaintiffs monetary damages. This set a precedent for later lawsuits. All five companies that produced the Salk vaccine in 1955—Eli Lilly, Parke-Davis, Wyeth, Pitman-Moore, and Cutter—had difficulty completely inactivating the polio virus. Three companies other than Cutter were sued, but the cases settled out of court.[7]
The Cutter incident was one of the worst pharmaceutical disasters in US history, and exposed several thousand children to live polio virus on vaccination.[3] The NIH Laboratory of Biologics Control, which had certified the Cutter polio vaccine, had received advance warnings of problems: in 1954, staff member Dr. Bernice Eddy had reported to her superiors that some inoculated monkeys had become paralyzed and provided photographs. William Sebrell, the director of NIH, rejected the report.[4][clarification needed]


ExpansionEdit

Despite lawsuits resulting from vaccine-related cases of polio, Cutter Laboratories successfully expanded its business. Between 1955 and 1960, they purchased:
  • Veterinary product manufacturers Ashe-Lockhart, Inc. and Haver-Glover Laboratories of Kansas City
  • Plastic manufacturers Plastron Specialties, Pacific Plastics Company in San Francisco, and Olympic Plastics Company in Los Angeles
  • An animal feed farm, Corn King Company, in Cedar Rapids
  • A plant-derived allergy medicine company, Hollister-Stier, in Spokane, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Atlanta
In 1960, Cutter established Cutter Laboratories Pacific, Inc. in Japan. Annual Cutter company sales had increased from $11,482,000 in 1955 to $29,934,000 in 1962. In the early 1960s, Cutter's catalog listed more than 700 products, and in 1962, the company's assets were "80% greater than when the polio disaster had occurred."[8] Cutter Laboratories was purchased by the German chemical and pharmaceutical company Bayer in

References​

 

Jackalope

Dignitary Member
Staff member
38,841
260
A tragedy indeed. Fortunately, the covid vaccine doesn't include any live of the deactivated virus. Only mRNA theoretical science that until a year ago was viewed as dangerous hocus pocus science and never tried on humans.
 
  • Like
Reactions: Geezer II

Geezer II

Bountiful Hunting Grounds Beyond.
5,972
101
portage county oh
A tragedy indeed. Fortunately, the covid vaccine doesn't include any live of the deactivated virus. Only mRNA theoretical science that until a year ago was viewed as dangerous hocus pocus science and never tried on humans.
The story behind these mRNA vaccines and the related technologies involves hundreds of people all over the world who have worked in fundamental and applied areas of research over time. Their efforts helped to create the knowledge base that led to the wonderful vaccine developments we're seeing at work today.

Wait a minute. What the heck is messenger RNA (mRNA), anyway?​

Right now, your body is using millions of tiny proteins for its regular functions, just to stay alive and healthy.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is critical to all of this because it’s what your body uses to tell your cells which proteins to build. Read more

Decades of progress​

This “knowledge base” is exactly what it sounds like: it’s a foundation of knowledge that has been built through hard work. Every surprising study, every failed experiment, every paper published—in the world of science, these are all small steps of progress. And when it comes to mRNA, researchers have been taking these steps for decades.

The timeline provides a few of their highlights.




1980s​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team at the University of British Columbia (UBC) study lipids. This fundamental research was designed to better understand how lipids work.

1990s​


Dr. Katalin Karikó, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, spends a decade studying RNA to unlock its potential for use in medicine.

1995​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team turn their attention to using lipid nanoparticles in medicine, in particular for gene therapy drugs that use nucleic acids (like RNA).
The lipid nanoparticles form a protective bubble around the medicine so that it can be delivered to cells safely and effectively.

2005​


Dr. Katalin Karikó and Dr. Drew Weissman publish scientific papers about their breakthrough: They figured out how to make synthetic RNA safe for injection into cells.
This is a huge step forward for developing RNA-based medicines.

2007+​


Dr. Derrick Rossi, a Canadian stem cell biologist, starts his lab at Harvard Medical School in 2007.
He sets out to build on the work of Drs. Karikó and Weissman, as well as the work of stem cell researcher Dr. Shinya Yamanaka.
In 2009, his lab uses mRNA to make adult cells function like embryonic stem cells. This big news leads to the creation of Moderna in 2010.

2010s​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team begin working with Dr. Drew Weissman and Dr. Katalin Karikó on vaccines that could use mRNA + lipid nanoparticles.

Time line goes to present time but i couldn't fit it in - uhm a dummy
 
Last edited:

Jackalope

Dignitary Member
Staff member
38,841
260
The story behind these mRNA vaccines and the related technologies involves hundreds of people all over the world who have worked in fundamental and applied areas of research over time. Their efforts helped to create the knowledge base that led to the wonderful vaccine developments we're seeing at work today.

Wait a minute. What the heck is messenger RNA (mRNA), anyway?​

Right now, your body is using millions of tiny proteins for its regular functions, just to stay alive and healthy.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is critical to all of this because it’s what your body uses to tell your cells which proteins to build. Read more

Decades of progress​

This “knowledge base” is exactly what it sounds like: it’s a foundation of knowledge that has been built through hard work. Every surprising study, every failed experiment, every paper published—in the world of science, these are all small steps of progress. And when it comes to mRNA, researchers have been taking these steps for decades.

The timeline provides a few of their highlights.




1980s​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team at the University of British Columbia (UBC) study lipids. This fundamental research was designed to better understand how lipids work.

1990s​


Dr. Katalin Karikó, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, spends a decade studying RNA to unlock its potential for use in medicine.

1995​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team turn their attention to using lipid nanoparticles in medicine, in particular for gene therapy drugs that use nucleic acids (like RNA).
The lipid nanoparticles form a protective bubble around the medicine so that it can be delivered to cells safely and effectively.

2005​


Dr. Katalin Karikó and Dr. Drew Weissman publish scientific papers about their breakthrough: They figured out how to make synthetic RNA safe for injection into cells.
This is a huge step forward for developing RNA-based medicines.

2007+​


Dr. Derrick Rossi, a Canadian stem cell biologist, starts his lab at Harvard Medical School in 2007.
He sets out to build on the work of Drs. Karikó and Weissman, as well as the work of stem cell researcher Dr. Shinya Yamanaka.
In 2009, his lab uses mRNA to make adult cells function like embryonic stem cells. This big news leads to the creation of Moderna in 2010.

2010s​


Dr. Pieter Cullis and his team begin working with Dr. Drew Weissman and Dr. Katalin Karikó on vaccines that could use mRNA + lipid nanoparticles.

Time line goes to present time but i couldn't fit it in - uhm a dummy

I didn't say it wasn't studied. I said the scientific community viewed it as dangerous hocus pocus science and gave it zero focus for use in humans up until a year ago. For the people who wanted to study it mRNA was a dead end as there wasn't anyone willing to give grant funding or employ someone who was studying it. There was some very limited testing on animals but the thought of human testing wasn't even really on the table. A while back I posted an article from a MRNA researcher who had studied it for year's who shared her trouble being taken seriously, getting grants, or university positions.
 
Last edited:

"J"

Git Off My Lawn
Supporting Member
56,741
274
North Carolina
I didn't say it wasn't studied. I said the scientific community viewed it as dangerous hocus pocus science and gave it zero focus for use in humans up until a year ago. For the people who wanted to study it mRNA was a dead end as there wasn't anyone willing to give grant funding or employ someone who was studying it. There was some very limited testing on animals but the thought of human testing wasn't even on the table.
Until now……