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Joe, the photo your placed up where you drew out the paddle aka the shoulder blade I think gave me another possibility. Arrow enters behind the diaphragm and somehow misses stomach and liver, due to the angle it goes through either missing the lungs (possibly in between them based on the angle) and vessels or putting a minimal to nonexistent hole in the lungs only. The arrow continues on and impacts and stops either in ribs on the other side or the shoulder blade on the other side or in the part of the spine that Gordo is showing us in his picture. Just short of a pass through but far enough that there are no cutting edges to move causing further damage. Having the holes in the diaphragm and +/- the lungs placed that way would not cause the "sucking chest wound' you described in your other post that causes a collapse of the lung(s) and eventual death. The arrow and the bleeding from the diaphragm tissue could potentially close off the wound enough to not cause problems.
Brock, the doe you finished with a knife that had holes in the tops of both lungs could be explained by a fairly complex physiologic explanation. Basically, the top portions of your lungs get more air then blood supply. The middle section of your lungs get an equal amount of air and blood supply and the bottoms of your lungs get more blood and not as much air. This is all when you take a breath. So....in theory (and this is purely physiologic theory which does work but not perfectly) you could put a hole in the top of the deer's lungs and it would not bleed much if at all b/c that area does not get much if any blood supply.
I could go into more depth but I don't want to dive too deeply and the underlying ideas are La'Places rule of compliance along with the pressures of blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature.
I would concede that is a very real possibility. The arrow looks to have impacted approximately where the diaphragm connects to the interior chest wall. If the angle was correct it could miss the liver, puncture the diaphragm, go behind the nearside lung and only puncture the upper lobe of the offside lung. Single lung hits especially high ones are usually non fatal in and of themselves. However complications can cause death later. But many many deer have lived after single lung hits. Especially high in the lobe where there isn't much circulatory flow.
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But. Either way. It's no mans land up there, be it you nick the lungs or miss them. Odds are the is a good chance they can walk away.